(E)-Ferulic acid ((E)-Coniferic acid) causes the phosphorylation of β-catenin, resulting in proteasomal degradation of β-catenin and increases the expression of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and decreases the expression of pro-survival factor survivin.t(E)-Ferulic acid exert both anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects in the human lung cancer cell line H1299.

trans-Ferulic acid 显示出强大的抗氧化效应。然而，trans-Ferulic acid 在 H1299 细胞中增加了细胞内 ROS（包括过氧化氢和超氧阴离子）的水平。在使用的最高浓度（0.6 mM）下，trans-Ferulic acid 处理抑制了细胞增殖并诱导了适度的细胞凋亡。进一步地，trans-Ferulic acid 在 0.3 和 0.6 mM 的浓度下适度抑制了 H1299 细胞的迁移，并减弱了 MMP-2 和 MMP-9 的活性。trans-Ferulic acid 导致β-连环蛋白的磷酸化，从而导致 β-连环蛋白的蛋白酶体降解。相反，trans-Ferulic acid 处理提高了 pro-apoptotic 因子 Bax 的表达，并减少了 pro-survival 因子 survivin 的表达。

The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay was used to determine free radical scavenging capability. Assessment of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using oxidized 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and dihydroethidium staining. Trypan blue exclusion, colony formation, and anchorage-independent growth assays were used to determine cellular proliferation. Annexin V staining assay was used to assess cellular apoptosis by flow cytometry. Wound healing and Boyden's well assays were used to detect the migration and invasion of cells. Gelatin zymography was used to detect matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity. Western blotting was used to detect expression levels of various signaling pathway proteins.